Spinal manipulation refers to the movement of a spinal segment by applying a force to the area.  Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) can be performed using a variety of different techniques.  Manipulation improves spinal segmental movement and influences the nervous system.

Chiropractic physicians are well trained and experienced in the art of spinal and extra-spinal manipulation.  Chiropractic focuses on the relationship between musculoskeletal structure (primarily the spine) and bodily function (primarily nervous system function) and on how this relationship affects health.  Most spinal manipulation is performed by chiropractors.  It is estimated that there may be more than one hundred chiropractic and spinal manipulation techniques.  Healthcare specialists of different disciplines may differ in their approach to manual treatment of the spine.

Research on animals and humans has revealed that abnormal positioning or spinal movement of the spine can change the function of nerves coming from the spine and may alter heart rate and blood pressure.  Spinal manipulation reduces pain by improving spinal joint mobility and by decreasing muscle spasm/guarding.  It has also been proposed that SMT reduces pain through the release of chemicals that suppress pain such as substance P and endorphins.

Spinal manipulation is performed to help improve the mobility of spinal segments.  Improved spinal mobility is associated with improved stimulation of sensory nerve endings around the spinal joint (facets), which sends nerve messages to specialized nerve centers within the spinal cord and brain.  Good joint movement and normal sensory input increases the likelihood of appropriate muscle function and muscle reactivity around spinal segments. 

Good spinal segment mobility reduces the risk for developing scar tissue or adhesions around the spinal joints (facets).  Normal spinal joint mobility also helps to reduce pressure within the intervertebral foramen.  Spinal movement prevents the adverse effects of immobilization degeneration.